Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Essay Essays

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Essay Essays Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Essay Essay Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Essay Essay Fetal intoxicant syndrome ( FAS ) is a set of physical and mental birth defects that can ensue when a adult female drinks intoxicant during her gestation. When a pregnant adult female drinks alcohol. such as beer. vino. or assorted drinks. so does her babe. Alcohol passes through the placenta right into the developing babe. The babe may endure womb-to-tomb harm as a consequence. FAS is characterized by encephalon harm. facial malformations. and growing shortages. Heart. liver. and kidney defects besides are common. every bit good as vision and hearing jobs. Persons with FAS have troubles with acquisition. attending. memory. and job resolution. Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders ( FASD ) is an umbrella term depicting the scope of effects that can happen in an single whose female parent drank intoxicant during gestation. These effects may include physical. mental. behavioural. and/or larning disablements with possible womb-to-tomb deductions. The term FASD is non intended for usage as a clinical diagnosing. FASD covers other footings such as: Fetal intoxicant syndrome ( FAS ) – the lone diagnosing given by physicians. : Alcohol-related neurodevelopmental upset ( ARND ) – reserved for persons with functional or cognitive damages linked to antenatal intoxicant exposure. including reduced caput size at birth. structural encephalon abnormalcies. and a form of behavioural and mental abnormalcies Alcohol-related birth defects ( ARBD ) – describes the physical defects linked to antenatal intoxicant exposure. including bosom. skeletal. kidney. ear. and oculus deformities Fetal intoxicant effects ( FAE ) – a term that has been popularly used to depict alcohol-exposed persons whose status does non run into the full standard for an FAS diagnosing What are the Statistics and Facts about FAS and FASD? FASD is the taking known preventable cause of mental deceleration and birth defects. FASD affects 1 in 100 unrecorded births or every bit many as 40. 000 babies each twelvemonth. An single with foetal intoxicant syndrome can incur a life-time wellness cost of over $ 800. 000. In 2003. foetal intoxicant syndrome cost the United States $ 5. 4 billiondirect costs were $ 3. 9 billion. while indirect costs added another $ 1. 5 billion. Children do non outgrow FASD. The physical and behavioural jobs can last for a life-time. FAS and FASD are found in all racial and socio-economic groups. FAS and FASD are non familial upsets. Womans with FAS or affected by FASD have healthy babes if they do non imbibe intoxicant during their gestation. Can I imbibe alcohol when I am pregnant? No. Make non imbibe intoxicant when you are pregnant. When you drink alcohol. such as beer. vino. or assorted drinks. so does your babe. Alcohol is a substance known to be harmful to human development. When it reaches the blood supply of the babe. it can do lasting defects to the major variety meats and cardinal nervous system. Is at that place any sort of intoxicant that is safe to imbibe during gestation? No. Drinking any sort of intoxicant can ache your babe. Alcoholic drinks can include beer. vino. spirits. vino ice chests. or assorted drinks. What if I am pregnant and have been imbibing? If you drank alcohol before you knew you were pregnant. halt imbibing now. Anytime a pregnant adult female stops imbibing. she decreases the hazard of injury to the babe. If you are seeking to acquire pregnant. make non imbibe intoxicant. You may non cognize you are pregnant right off. What if I drank during my last gestation and my babe was all right? Every gestation is different. Drinking intoxicant may ache one babe more than another. You could hold one kid that is born healthy and another kid that is born with jobs. What if a friend. spouse. partner or household member is imbibing while pregnant? Many adult females are incognizant of the effects of imbibing during gestation. Some adult females believe vino or beer is non alcohol. In many instances. she may be enduring from alcohol addiction. She may necessitate to cognize what effects alcohol can hold on the babe. She besides may necessitate assist acquiring into intervention. In such instances. you should reach a intervention professional at a local dependence centre for advice on how to assist. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. nofas. org/faqs. aspx? id=5 Copyright 2001-2004 National Organization on Fetal Alcohol Syndrome An individual’s topographic point. and success. in society is about wholly determined by neurological operation. A neurologically injured kid is unable to run into the outlooks of parents. household. equals. school. calling and can digest a life-time of failures. The largest cause of neurological harm in kids is antenatal exposure to alcohol. These kids grow up to go grownups. Often the neurological harm goes undiagnosed. but non unpunished. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome ( FAS ) . Fetal Alcohol Effects ( FAE ) . Partial Fetal Alcohol Syndrome ( pFAS ) . Alcohol Related Neurodevelopmental Disorders ( ARND ) . Inactive Encephalopathy ( intoxicant exposed ) ( SE ) and Alcohol Related Birth Defects ( ARBD ) are all names for a spectrum of upsets caused when a pregnant adult female consumes alcohol. There are schemes that can work to assist the kid with an FASD compensate for some troubles. Early and intensive intercession and tutoring can make admirations. but the demand for a supportive construction is lasting. Surveies on dependence in Ontario have shown about a 10 – 12 % alcohol dependence rate among grownups. with another 20 % imbibing to a degree that places them at high hazard. Legally intoxicated is defined as a Blood Alcohol Level of. 08 % . A 100 pound ( 45 kilogram ) female devouring 5 standard drinks ( A drink equals a 12 oz. regular beer. 1 oz. shooting of 100 cogent evidence spirits. 1. 5 oz. shooting of 80 cogent evidence spirits. or 4 oz. glass of regular table vino ) will make a BAL of. 25 % – three times the legal bound. BAL reduces. 01 % per hr. The Statistics Canada. Canadian Community Health Survey. 2000/01 found that: 6. 8 % of misss ages 12 to 14 19. 8 % of girls age 12 to 19 26. 0 % ages 20 to 24 19. 9 % ages 20 to 34 consumed 5 or more drinks on each juncture 12 or more times per twelvemonth. An extra: 32. 2 % ages 15 to 34 13. 8 % of misss ages 12 to 14 consumed 5 or more drinks on each juncture 1 to 11 times per twelvemonth. Copyright  © 2005 Journals and Procedural Research Branch Office of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario. Toronto. Ontario. Canada. Most misss are 2 to 3 months pregnant before they find out. Give the premier childbirth age scope. the odds are really high that approximately 20 % of babes have been exposed to multiple orgies in high degrees of intoxicant in the first trimester. before the miss even knew she was pregnant. It is Party Hearty Time. The huge bulk of these misss are NOT alkies. About 50 % of gestations are unplanned. â€Å"If you are imbibing. remain out of the backseat every bit good as the driver’s place! † Maternal prenatal intoxicant ingestion even at low degrees is adversely related to child behaviour. The consequence was observed at mean exposure degrees every bit low as 1 drink per hebdomad. The Canadian Centre for Children’s Research at McMaster University Hospitals ( Hamilton Ontario ) states that 20 % of Canadian kids have serious mental wellness issues. Typical of school boards in Canada. a major southwesterly Ontario School Board ( urban / rural mix ) with 28. 000 Elementary and Secondary School pupils. has 6. 000 pupils having services from the Particular Education Department. Of the 6. 000. merely 250 are classified as â€Å"Gifted† with the balance holding important disablements ( 20. 6 % ) . While non all the persons with disablements are identified as the disablements holding been caused by antenatal exposure to alcohol. the huge bulk of the disablements are of types known to be caused by antenatal intoxicant exposure. FASD is so grossly under-reported that the FAS statistics are about meaningless. There are really few physicians who have received any preparation in naming FASD and most prefer to utilize â€Å"non-judgmental† diagnosings such as ADD. ADHD. LD. MR. RAD. ODD. Bi-Polar. Tourette’s. etc. . These â€Å"diagnoses† don’t connote the female parent has done something that could hold affected her babe during gestation. However. they can besides take to inappropriate intervention and a life-time of hurting. Failure to place the existent beginning can take to more kids being born with the same issues to the same female parents and the rhythm go oning into the following coevals – FASD kids holding FASD babes. Alcohol. endocrines. a vellication in the kilt. hapless impulse control and inability to foretell effects are a deathly combination. Accidents cause people. FASD is non a threshold status. It is a continuum runing from mild rational and behavioral issues to the extreme that frequently leads to profound disablements or premature decease. â€Å"Denial† is non merely a river in Egypt. Alcohol as a Teratogen on the Baby? hypertext transfer protocol: //www. acbr. com/fas/ . Problem: Fetal Alcohol Syndrome ( FAS ) is a form of mental and physical defects which develops in some unborn babes when the female parent drinks excessively much intoxicant during gestation. A babe born with FAS may be earnestly handicapped and necessitate a life-time of particular attention. Some babes with alcohol-related birth defects. including smaller organic structure size. lower birth weight. and other damages. do non hold all of the authoritative FAS symptoms. These symptoms are sometimes referred to as Fetal Alcohol Effects ( FAE ) . Research workers do non all agree on the precise differentiations between FAS and FAE instances. Cause of the Problem: Alcohol in a pregnant woman’s blood stream circulates to the foetus by traversing the placenta. There. the intoxicant interferes with the ability of the foetus to have sufficient O and nutriment for normal cell development in the encephalon and other organic structure variety meats. Possible Fetal alcohol syndrome Symptoms: Growth lacks: little organic structure size and weight. slower than normal development and failure to catch up. The fact sheets below were developed by many different writers. In some instances. the fact sheets were placed on the web by a different organisation than the 1 that wrote the papers. However. all of the fact sheets are in the public sphere to promote broad distribution. You are free to copy and utilize these fact sheets. The undermentioned list of abbreviations was used to bespeak the beginning of the papers in the links provided on this page. Many of the sites listed contain extra information beyond the fact sheets that are listed on this page. We encourage you to research each site. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. good. com/user/woa/fsfas. htm RSmith:02-15-94 MISSOURI DEPARTMENT OF MENTAL HEALTH Division of Alcohol and Drug Abuse 1706 East Elm ; P. O. Box 687 Jefferson City. Missouri 65102 The undermentioned Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders ( FASD ) are caused by imbibing intoxicant during gestation: Fetal alcohol syndrome: Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Symptoms include little head/body. facial features. encephalon harm FAE: Fetal Alcohol Effects Symptoms normally non seeable. such as behaviour upsets. attending shortages ARBD: Alcohol Related Birth Defects. Anomalies such as bosom defects. sight/hearing jobs. joint anomalousnesss. etc. ARND: Alcohol Related Neurodevelopmental Disorders Disorders such as attending shortages. behaviour upsets. obsessive/compulsive upset. etc. FASD: Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders All of the upsets named above are contained in the spectrum. Full FAS comprises merely approximately 10 % of the spectrum. The other 90 % may hold fewer physical symptoms but are at greater hazard for developing serious secondary conditions subsequently. ( Streissguth. 1997 ) FAS is the taking cause of mental deceleration in western civilisation. But†¦ Most individuals with FAS have an IQ in the normal scope. ( Streissguth. 1997 ) . The incidence of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome in America is 1. 9 instances per 1. 000 births ( 1/500 ) . Incidence of babes with disablements ensuing from antenatal intoxicant exposure: 1/100! FAS/FAE is a major wellness issue in western civilisation today. More American babes are born with FAS than with Down Syndrome. MD. and HIV combined. â€Å"Alcohol causes more neurological harm to the developing babe than any other substance. † Lecture Summary Fetal intoxicant syndrome is among the most common known causes of mental deceleration and as such. it is a major public wellness job. The intent of this talk is to supply a basic overview of what we know about the effects of antenatal intoxicant exposure. It is surely non intend to be comprehensive but instead to give a wide overview of current cognition in the country. and of ongoing homo and animate being research in the country. Heavy antenatal intoxicant exposure can ensue in the foetal intoxicant syndrome and both alterations in encephalon construction and behaviour have been reported in these kids. Importantly. current informations indicate that persons exposed to heavy doses of intoxicant in utero. but without the facial features of FAS. can besides endure from similar encephalon and behavioural alterations. Animal theoretical accounts have proven to be an first-class research tool in this field. as there appears to be good harmony between the animate being and human informations. The carnal theoretical accounts provide a agency to analyze mechanisms of intoxicant harm. to command for factors non possible in most human surveies. and to assist reply of import clinical inquiries. Fetal intoxicant effects are preventable. and every kid born with a defect related to antenatal intoxicant exposure indicates a failure of the wellness attention system. Lecturer Dr. Ed Riley hypertext transfer protocol: //rsoa. org/lectures/07/index. hypertext markup language Background Fetal intoxicant syndrome is among the most common known causes of mental deceleration and as such. it is a major public wellness job. The intent of this talk is to supply a basic overview of what we know about the effects of antenatal intoxicant exposure. It is surely non intend to be comprehensive. For more elaborate overview. the undermentioned mentions might be helpful. It is of import to retrieve that as the female parent consumes intoxicant and her blood intoxicant degree rises. that intoxicant is freely traversing the placenta and the embryo or foetus is being exposed to the same blood intoxicant degrees. Mentions Stratton. K. . Howe. C. . A ; Battaglia. F. ( 1996 ) . Fetal intoxicant syndrome: Diagnosis. epidemiology. bar. and intervention. Washington. DC: National Academy Press. Streissguth. A. P. ( 1997 ) . Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: A Guide for Families and Communities. Baltimore: Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co. Background Fetal intoxicant syndrome is among the most common known causes of mental deceleration and as such. it is a major public wellness job. The intent of this talk is to supply a basic overview of what we know about the effects of antenatal intoxicant exposure. It is surely non intend to be comprehensive. For more elaborate overview. the undermentioned mentions might be helpful. It is of import to retrieve that as the female parent consumes intoxicant and her blood intoxicant degree rises. that intoxicant is freely traversing the placenta and the embryo or foetus is being exposed to the same blood intoxicant degrees. Mentions Stratton. K. . Howe. C. . A ; Battaglia. F. ( 1996 ) . Fetal intoxicant syndrome: Diagnosis. epidemiology. bar. and intervention. Washington. DC: National Academy Press. Streissguth. A. P. ( 1997 ) . Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: A Guide for Families and Communities. Baltimore: Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co. Background What each of these documents described was a common set of characteristics that could happen in the progeny of female parents who drank to a great extent during their gestations. This configuration of characteristics was named the Fetal Alcohol Syndrome in 1973 by Jones and co-workers. In order to be diagnosed as holding FAS. the single MUST run into all three standards. There is a specific form of facial anomalousnesss. which will be shown shortly. There is pre and or postpartum growing lack. Normally the kids are born little ( 7drinks/week – 5 or more drinks per juncture ) . The information on the left side of the slide come from Louise Floyd of the CDC. The first four surveies were sponsored by the CDC and the other two estimations on the left side come from the IOM study ( Stratton. 1996 ) . AI/AN stands for American Indian/Alaska Native. The Numberss on the right side are from a recent survey by Sampson et Al. . ( 1997 ) . They demonstrated rates of FAS of at least 2. 8/1000 unrecorded births in Seattle. 4. 6/1000 in Cleveland. and between 1. 3 and 4. 8/1000 in Roubaix. France. Interestingly. in this survey they estimate the prevalence in Seattle for FAS and ARND at 9. 1/1000 births. This would intend that about 1 in every 100 kids is affected by antenatal intoxicant exposure. The last figure from South Africa is from recent work done by Phil May and co-workers. Mentions Egeland G. Perham-Hester KA. Gessner BD. Ingle D. Berner JE. Middaugh JP. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome in Alaska. 1977 through 1992: An administrative prevalence derived from multiple informations beginnings. American Journal of Public Health. 1998. 88 ( 5 ) : 781-786. Aberdeen IHS Area ( 1995 ) MMWR. vol 44 ( # ) :253-261. BDMP ( 1995 ) : MMWR Vol. 44 ( 13 ) :249-253. Atlanta. Ga. ( 1997 ) MMWR Vol. 46 ( 47 ) : 1118-1120. Sampson. P. D. . Streissguth. A. P. . Bookstein. F. L. . Little. R. E. . Clarren. S. K. . Dehaene. P. . Hanson. J. W. . A ; Graham. J. M. . Jr. ( 1997 ) . Incidence of foetal intoxicant syndrome and prevalence of alcohol-related neurodevelopmental upset. Teratology. 56 ( 5 ) . 317-326. Stratton. K. . Howe. C. . A ; Battaglia. F. ( 1996 ) . Fetal intoxicant syndrome: Diagnosis. epidemiology. bar. and intervention. Washington. DC: National Academy Press. Institute of Medicine: 1996 Clinic-based ( page 89 ) . American Indian/Alaskan Native ( page 88 ) May. P. . Viljoen. D. . Gossage. J. . Brooke. L. . Croxford. J. ( 1999 ) . An epidemiological analysis of informations from kids with foetal intoxicant syndrome and controls in Wellington. South Africa. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. 23 ( 5 ) . 110A. May. P. . Viljoen. D. . Gossage. J. . Brooke. L. . Croxford. J ( 1999 ) . An update on the maternal hazard factors associated with the prevalence of foetal intoxicant syndrome in Wellington. South Africa. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. 23 ( 5 ) . 91A Background It must be stressed that the facial features fundamentally define FAS. Without these facial characteristics. one can non be diagnosed with FAS. In peculiar. the discriminating characteristics are short palpebral crevices ( the length of the oculus gap ) . a level midface. an indistinct or level philtrum ( the ridge under the olfactory organ ) . and a thin upper scarlet ( lip ) . While each of these can happen in a assortment of upsets. the combination of these characteristics appears to be consistent with heavy antenatal intoxicant exposure. Children with FAS can besides hold other facial characteristics. such as epicanthal creases ( bantam creases of tissues along the oculus gap ) . a low nasal span. an developing jaw and minor ear anomalousnesss. These persons can besides hold a assortment of associated characteristics. Heart defects. skeletal anomalousnesss. altered palmar folds ( those folds on your custodies ) . and urogenital anomalousnesss are among the anomalousnesss found more often in FAS. Reference Streissguth. A. P. ( 1994 ) . A long-run position of FAS. Alcohol Health A ; Research World ( Vol. 18. pp. 74-81 ) . image Facies in foetal intoxicant syndrome Background The encephalon on the left was obtained from a 5-day-old kid with FAS while the encephalon on the right is a control. The effects are obvious. The encephalon on the left suffers from microencephaly ( little encephalon ) and migration anomalousnesss ( nervous and glia cells did non migrate to their proper location in the encephalon. but alternatively many of them merely migrated to the top of the cerebral mantle ) . Although it can non be seen here. there is besides agenesia of the principal callosum and the ventricles are dilated. The principal callosum is the major fibre piece of land linking the two hemispheres of the encephalon ( more on this later ) . Major findings of other necropsies of kids with FAS have found microcephalus. hydrocephalus. intellectual dysgenesis. neuroglial heterotopias. principal callosum anomalousnesss. ventricle anomalousnesss. and cerebellar anomalousnesss. It must be pointed out. nevertheless. that these necropsies have typically been conducted merely on the most terrible instances. since these kids frequently have adequate jobs that they do non last. The interested reader on the pathological alterations that occur in FAS is referred to the undermentioned articles. Mentions Clarren. S. K. ( 1986 ) . Neuropathology in foetal intoxicant syndrome. In J. R. West ( Ed. ) . Alcohol and Brain Development ( pp. 158-166 ) . New York: Oxford University Press. Roebuck. T. M. . Mattson. S. N. . and Riley. E. P. ( 1998 ) . A reappraisal of the neuroanatomical findings in kids with foetal intoxicant syndrome or antenatal exposure to alcohol. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. 22 ( 2 ) . 339-344. Image encephalon harm ensuing from antenatal intoxicant Background The image on the left is a normal midsaggital MRI scan of the human encephalon with the cerebrum and cerebellum pointed out. The information on the right show the decrease in size of the these two countries in kids with FAS and PEA. PEA stands for Prenatal Exposure to Alcohol. and includes kids with known histories of heavy antenatal intoxicant exposure. but who lack the characteristics necessary for a diagnosing of FAS. As can be seen. the extent of decrease in the volume of both the cerebrum and cerebellum is important. While the PEA group shows a decrease in volume. with these sample sizes. this is non a important difference. Other encephalon imaging surveies indicate disproportional size decreases in the basal ganglia. cerebellum. and corpus callosum. The informations are presented as per centum of normal matched controls. References Mattson. S. N. . Jernigan. T. L. . A ; Riley. E. P. ( 1994a ) . MRI and antenatal intoxicant exposure. Alcohol Health A ; Research World. 18 ( 1 ) . 49-52. Archibald. S. L. . Fennema-Notestine. C. . Gamst. A. . Riley. E. P. . Mattson. S. N. . and Jernigan. T. L. ( submitted. 2000 ) . Brain dysmorphology in persons with terrible antenatal intoxicant exposure. image alteration in encephalon size Background One anomalousness that has been seen in FAS is agenesia of the principal callosum. While non common. it occurs in FAS instances ( ~6 % ) more often than in the general population ( 0. 1 % ) or in the developmentally handicapped population ( 2-3 % ) . In fact it has been suggested that FAS may be the most common cause of agenesia of the principal callosum. In the top left image. is a control encephalon. The other images are from kids with FAS. In the top center the principal callosum is present. but it is really thin at the posterior subdivision of the encephalon. In the upper right the principal callosum is basically losing. The bottom two images are from a 9 twelvemonth old miss with FAS. She has agenesia of the principal callosum and the big dark country in the dorsum of her encephalon above the cerebellum is a status known as coprocephaly. It is basically empty infinite. Most kids with FAS do hold a principal callosum. although it may be reduced in size. The decrease in size occurs chiefly in the forepart and rear parts ( knee and splenium ) . One interesting point is that this same form of decrease in the knee and splenium has been found in ADHD kids. The behavioural jobs seen in FAS often are similar to those seen in ADHD. References Mattson. S. N. . Jernigan. T. L. . A ; Riley. E. P. ( 1994a ) . MRI and antenatal intoxicant exposure. Alcohol Health A ; Research World. 18 ( 1 ) . 49-52. Mattson. S. N. . A ; Riley. E. P. ( 1995 ) . Prenatal exposure to alcohol: What the images reveal. Alcohol Health A ; Research World. 19 ( 4 ) . 273-277. Riley. E. P. . Mattson. S. N. . Sowell. E. R. . Jernigan. T. L. . Sobel. D. F. . A ; Jones. K. L. ( 1995 ) . Abnormalities of the principal callosum in kids prenatally exposed to alcohol. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. 19 ( 5 ) . 1198-1202. Background There have been over a twelve retrospective surveies of kids with FAS ( entire N = 269 ) . Overall. these surveies. such as the Seattle surveies or surveies out of Germany. reported an overall mean IQ of 72. 26 ( scope of agencies = 47. 4-98. 2 ) . The information presented here were collected in San Diego. CA as portion of a undertaking at the Center for Behavioral Teratology. The average IQ public presentations of kids with FAS were compared to alcohol-exposed kids with few if any characteristics of FAS. All kids in this survey were exposed prenatally to high sums of intoxicant. nevertheless merely the FAS group displayed the craniofacial anomalousnesss and growing shortages associated with the diagnosing. The other group was designated as holding antenatal exposure to alcohol ( PEA ) and had documented exposure to high degrees of intoxicant but were non dysmorphic. microcephalic. or growth-retarded. In comparing to normal controls. both groups of alcohol-exposed kids displayed important shortages in overall IQ steps every bit good as shortages on most of the subtest tonss. While the PEA topics normally obtained marginally higher IQ tonss than those with FAS. few important differences were found between the two alcohol-exposed groups. These consequences indicate that high degrees of antenatal intoxicant exposure are related to an increased hazard for shortages in rational operation and that these shortages can happen in kids without all of the physical characteristics required for a diagnosing of FAS. Our PEA topics may be slightly similar to persons identified by other groups as holding FAE. nevertheless persons with PEA show few if any of the facial characteristics of FAS. and are non growing retarded or microcephalous. Mentions Streissguth AP. Aase JM. Clarren SK. Randels SP. LaDue RA. Smith DF ( 1991 ) . Fetal intoxicant syndrome in striplings and grownups. Journal of the American Medical Association 265:1961-1967. Mattson. S. N. . Riley. E. P. . Gramling. L. . Delis. D. C. . and Jones. K. L. ( 1997 ) . Heavy antenatal intoxicant exposure with or without physical characteristics of foetal intoxicant syndrome leads to IQ shortages. Journal of Pediatrics. 131 ( 5 ) . 718-721. Mattson. S. N. and Riley. E. P. ( 1998 ) . A reappraisal of the neurobehavioral shortages in kids with foetal intoxicant syndrome or antenatal exposure to alcohol. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. 22 ( 2 ) . 279-294. image general rational public presentation Background. This was a survey of a wide scope of neuropsychological trials. such as: The Wide Range Achievement Test- which assesses academic accomplishments. the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test and the Boston Naming test-both appraisal of basic linguistic communication operation. the California Verbal Learning Test-a list acquisition and memory trial. the Visual-Motor Integration Test which measures basic visual-perceptual accomplishments. the Grooved Pegboard test-a trial of fine-motor velocity and coordination. and the Children’s Category Test-a step of gestural acquisition. Along the x-axis are the trials included in the battery ; for comparing intents. all tonss were converted to standard tonss with a mean of 100 and an SD of 15. Children with FAS or PEA showed shortages in comparing to controls and they were really similar to each other. There does look to be some indicant that the gestural steps ( on the right of the slide ) are non every bit impaired as the verbal and academic steps. which are on the left and centre of the slide. The return place message is that kids with FAS and those exposed to high sums of intoxicant. but without the features required for a diagnosing of FAS. are likewise impaired. The FAS kids tend to be a spot worse than the PEA kids. but the form of behavioural deificits is reasonably similar over a broad scope of trials. References Mattson. S. N. . Riley. E. P. . Gramling. L. . Delis. D. C. . A ; Jones. K. L. ( 1998 ) . Neuropsychological comparing of alcohol-exposed kids with or without physical characteristics of foetal intoxicant syndrome. Neuropsychology. 12 ( 1 ) . 146-153. image neuropsychological performanceBackground In add-on to the abilities already discussed. a few surveies have documented other specific neuropsychological shortages in persons with FAS. Children with antenatal intoxicant exposure. with and without FAS. have demonstrated assorted shortages on steps of executive operation. These steps have revealed jobs in countries such as planning ( tower task-shown above ) . cognitive flexibleness ( trails trial ) . suppression ( stroop trial ) . and concept formation and logical thinking ( word context trials ) . Generally. public presentation on these steps is characterized by increased mistakes and more trouble adhering to regulations. Therefore. kids are less successful overall. For illustration. on the tower step shown above ( Tower of California-similar to Tower of London ) . kids with FAS and PEA passed fewer points overall and made more regulation misdemeanors than controls. The lone two regulations were to neer put a larger piece on top of a smaller one and to travel merely one piece at a clip. As can be seen the intoxicant exposed kids had many more rule misdemeanors. In add-on. shortages have been found on the WCST ( Wisconsin Card Sort Test ) . a gestural step of job resolution. The WCST trial requires both job resolution and cognitive flexibleness and has been proposed to be sensitive to frontal system disfunction. This trial is a gilded criterion in the step of executive operation in physiological psychology. Children with antenatal exposure to alcohol made more mistakes and had more trouble with the conceptual nature of the undertaking than controls. New informations indicate that they have problem identifying and specifying constructs. Finally. trials of planning ability are besides thought to be sensitive to frontal systems disfunction although few such surveies have been done in persons with FAS. On the Progressive Planning Test which is similar to the Tower of London trial kids with FAS/FAE had trouble with be aftering in front and tended to perseverate on wrong schemes. So far the consequences could be summarized as: 1 ) Heavy antenatal intoxicant exposure is associated with a broad scope of neurobehavioral shortages including visuospatial operation. verbal and gestural acquisition. and executive working 2 ) Heavy antenatal intoxicant exposure causes microcephaly and disproportional decreases in the principal callosum. basal ganglia. and cerebellum 3 ) Child with and without physical characteristics of the foetal intoxicant syndrome show qualitatively similar shortages References Carmichael O. H. . Feldman JJ. Streissguth AP. Gonzalez RD: Neuropsychological shortages and life accommodation in striplings and grownups with foetal intoxicant syndrome. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 16:380. 1992 Kodituwakku PW. Handmaker NS. Cutler SK. Weathersby EK. Handmaker SD: Specific damages in self-regulation in kids exposed to alcohol prenatally. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 19:1558-1564. 1995 Mattson. S. N. . Goodman. A. M. . Caine. C. . Delis. D. C. . A ; Riley. E. P. ( 1999 ) . Executive operation in kids with heavy antenatal intoxicant exposure. Alcoholism. Clinical and Experimental Research. 23 ( 11 ) . 1808-1815. Background Secondary disablements are those disablements that the person is non born with. and hopefully with appropriate intercession could be ameliorated. This slide illustrates the extent of these secondary disablements as a map of age. These are persons with FAS and FAE. As can be seen over 90 % of these persons have mental wellness jobs and approximately 50 % of those over the age of 12 have disrupted school experiences. problem with the jurisprudence. which is often terrible plenty to necessitate parturiency. They besides engage in comparatively high rates of inappropriate sexual behaviour and a important figure have alcohol and drug maltreatment jobs. Interestingly. the factors that are protective against these secondary disablements are: Being raised in a stable. nurturant place. diagnosing before the age of 6. no sexual or physical maltreatment. non altering families every few old ages. non populating in a hapless quality place. and having Developmental Disabilities services. Mentions Streissguth. A. P. . Barr. H. M. . Kogan. J. . A ; Bookstein. F. L. ( 1996 ) . Concluding Report: Understanding the happening of secondary disablements in clients with foetal intoxicant syndrome ( FAS ) and foetal intoxicant effects ( FAE ) . Seattle. WA: University of Washington Publication Services. Image secondary disablements Background. Much of what we know about FAS and the effects of antenatal intoxicant exposure is the consequence of work on carnal theoretical accounts. After FAS was identified it became of import to show that the effects were so the consequence of intoxicant exposure and non due to factors such as other drugs. maternal conditions. or nutritionary variables. The development of appropriate carnal theoretical accounts was really of import in this respect. Models were developed for measuring physical characteristics of FAS every bit good as the behavioral. neuroanatomical. and neurochemical profiles of antenatal intoxicant exposure. The ideal trial animate being would absorb. metabolise and extinguish intoxicant similar to human. conveyance intoxicant and metabolites across.

Astronomy_Cosmo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Astronomy_Cosmo - Essay Example Faith is an excellent human trait, but having faith in something that can has been proven wrong through science and observation can hinder individual and societal growth. The Big Bang Theory is the theory that the universe came about from an immense explosion billions of years ago. Sagan raised the possibility of an oscillating universe, where the Big Bang Theory was not only the beginning of the universe, but the end of another universe. This cycle could be repeating over and over. Scientists can only speculate. However observation has shown that the universe is expanding outward from each individual point in the universe. Radio, photographic, x-ray telescopic views have shown this expansion of the universe through the Doppler Effect. The Big Bang Theory was based on observation and scientific means. It was not meant to refute religion, or to be sacrilegious. The Big Bang Theory is incompatible with religions that believe in Creationism. Judaism, Christianity, and Islam are based on Creationism. The basic tenants of Creationism are the story of God creating the Earth and man in six days. This even occurred four to five thousand years ago according to the religions steeped in Creationism. The Big Bang Theory is unacceptable due to the lack of God’s involvement and the purported age of the universe being billions of years old. The story of Adam and Eve in the Old Testament has been passed down in these Judeo-Christian religions. If that cornerstone is taken away, then other Torah, Biblical, and Qur’an stories might be dismissed. This frightens the fervently faithful. If Adam and Eve were not real people, then maybe a higher power does not exist. If God, Jesus, or Allah is not real, what have humans believed and died for eons? This will cause the truly faithful to avoid astronomy and scientific finds despite the proof of obser vation or other evidence. Some

Response to Room No.12 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Response to Room No.12 - Essay Example This portrays women as despised members of the society since the hotel manager automatically assumed that there is no way that a woman who looked as lovely as Bahiga al-Dahida could have acquired her wealth alone. Her identity card had not given any indication that she was either married or employed. It seems unfair that the hotel manager could not have assumed that the woman could have inherited the money that she was using. The woman in the story is a representation of generation difference. In traditional Egyptian society, a woman was expected to be submissive and dis-empowered. Bahiga al-Dabida could also have been placed in the story to illustrate a change in social and gender roles. Egypt had experienced a change in attitudes of people towards traditional roles expected of different gender and social roles. When Bahiga arrives at the hotel, she is directed to her room by the bellhop who asks her to remove the bed covers and move the bed to the wall, and later tips the bellhop generously (Mahfouz 221). The bellhop also mentioned to the hotel manager that he heard the lady talking to herself while he was passing by her room. This creates a lot of suspense in the story as the reader is compelled to find out whether the woman is talking to herself, or talking on the telephone, or she could also be talking to spirits or demons. The story gets compelling when the lady orders lunch. She orders so much food that the hotel manager thinks it is enough for six people. Though the manager does not openly express his shock, he feels surprised when the plates are licked clean after one hour when a hotelier goes to clear the table in her room(Mahfouz 222). The hotel manager concludes that the woman is strange; from the way that she looked and acted. The manager tried not to think about the woman, but he later admitted that he could not avoid it. He found her fearful yet attractive. He also looked familiar but he could not remember

Antigone Essay Example for Free

Antigone Essay Remember those people who always thought they were right, and they always ended up in trouble for it? I Sophocles’ play Antigone, the main characters Antigone and Creon show how being so hubris can be tragic to your life. Set back in ancient Greece an epic battle takes place and brothers end up killing each other. One was allowed a proper burial, yet Polyinesis was not. Antigone felt disappointed by this and decided to bury them yet Creon the newly appointed king did not appreciate the rule breaking. Due to the fact that Antigone and creon exhibited excessive pride, their lives were ruined. Antigone’s arrogance and brashness ultimately led to her death. For example, on Creon’s first day as king he made a decree that no one should bury Polyneisis body. When Antigone heard this, she went to Ismene and asked for her help; yet Ismene refused and called her a criminal. Antigone still disagreed, â€Å"But I will bury him; and if I must die, I say that this crime is holy; I shall lie down with him in death†(673,55-57) This proved that Antigone was cocky and she was sort of stating that all her wrong doings are â€Å"holy†; she is referring to herself as always being right. This affected her though distorting her view on life. In addition to her argument with Ismene, Antigone then was caught in the act of burying Polyniesis and was brought in and questioned by Creon. â€Å"And you Antigone, with your head hanging – do you confess this thing†(679, 53) When Antigone didn’t deny her crime and boasted to the king and the elders, It proves how narcissistic that she is. If she would have not been so boastful I doubt that Croen would have been so harsh to Antigone. Furthermore, Creon then calls in Ismene to protest against her crime as well. Creon started o believe that she helped Antigone to plot against him. Ismene then lied and said she did help to Antigone’s surprise. Antigone become outraged and denied her hand in the deed. Ismene is displeased in antigone’s punishment, â€Å"Do you refuse me, Antigone? I want to die with you; I too have a duty that I must discharge to the dead†(681, 138). Antigone was then enraged further and rebelled against Ismene, â€Å"You shall not lessen my death by sharing it†(681, 139) Antigone is showing self centered and concided she was. She believed that she was so important because she did the right thing by the gods that no one should die except her because she was special. However, Antigone was not the only major character with this flaw. This proves how arrogance can really damage anyone’s life just like it did to Antigone and Creons’. Pride and the excess of it played a big role in this play, being the tragic flaw of both main characters; arrogance is not only a big part of this play but also our history, there will always be people who can never be wrong. Many people are just like Creon and Antigone, Always thinking they are right. Is your life headed for a fate just like Antigone’s plot?

Critical Analysis of Robert Frosts The Road Not Taken Essays -- The R

Critical Analysis of Robert Frost's The Road Not Taken The speaker in Robert Frost's 'The Road Not Taken' gives the reader insight into human nature with each line of poetry. While, Frost had not originally intended for this to be an inspirational poem, line by line, the speaker is encouraging each reader to seek out his or her own personal path in the journey of life. Romanticizing the rural woods of New England creates the perfect setting for the theme of self-discovery laid out and described by the speaker. Robert Frost's original intent in writing the poem was not to convey the inspiration that it has for almost a hundred years. He had written the poem to poke fun at his friend, Edward Thomas, with whom he had taken many walks. Thomas was hesitant and always wondering what would happen if he had chosen a different path (http://www.yoga.com/raw/readings/frost_road.html). In fact, Frost sent the poem to his friend, then in France, and got the response, ?What are you trying to do with me (http://www.libarts.sfasu.edu/Frost/PopPoems.html). However, Frost did see the impact the poem was having and stated, 'Do not follow where the path may lead?Go instead where there is no path and leave a trail.' The speaker communicates many things in the first stanza of the poem. The first line, ?Two roads diverged in a yellow wood,? uses imagery with the color yellow, the color of gold, to show that the speaker sees an opportunity ahead of him. The two roads symbolizes the choices and consequences he must choose. The next line, ?And sorry I could not travel both,? illustrates how difficult it is to make a choice. It is impossible not to wonder what could happen by choosing the other road and what he could be missing out on. ?And being one traveler long I stood,? shows how the speaker would like to be in two places at once. Unable to accomplish this, he takes a long time to decide on what he should do. Finally, the speaker describes studying the first option, looking as far into the future as he possibly could with the lines, ?And looked down one as far as I could to where it bent in the undergrowth.? The speaker continues to convey his message in the second stanza of ?The Road Not Taken.? In the opening line of this part of the poem, the speaker says, ?Then took the other, as just as fair.? Here, he is turning his attention to the second road... ...ng the road he eventually chose made him the person he is. In being forced to choose and face the consequences, he was afraid to make a wrong decision. He is better off for having even made any decision at all instead of standing there, procrastinating. Although one person cannot take all the roads in life, trying to choose everything will leave that person just as empty as choosing the wrong path. In finally choosing, he changes the direction of his life and encourages the reader to explore new territory or create something new. Above all, one has to be true to himself and follow his heart. The speaker, throughout Robert Frost?s ?The Road Not Taken,? is a way of identifying with the reader through basic human feelings and struggles. Everyone faces hard decisions and feels the struggle within to choose the right path on which to base his or her life. It is how we choose and how we deal with what is down the road that makes us who we are. Works Cited Baym, Nina, et. al. The Norton Anthology of American Liturature. 5th edition. Vol.II. New York: Norton, 1998. http://www.yoga.com/raw/readings/frost_road.html) http://www.libarts.sfasu.edu/Frost/PopPoems.html

John Stuart Mill Essay

British philosopher, John Stuart Mill, served many years as a member of parliament and worked diligently to bring forth liberal ideas. Amongst these ideas was the distinction of utilitarianism, or the act of doing what is right for the greatest number of people. Yet, just discussing the idea of right versus wrong for the masses was not enough, Mill’s determined there were two forms of utilitarianism; act, the direct form, or sanction, the indirect form. Much like formal logic with deductive and inductive reasoning, act and sanction utilitarianism strive for the same goal but have different ways of reaching it. Both forms of utilitarianism are seeking to find the best possible outcome for the largest number of people and using that as a measure of right versus wrong, yet by examining the differences of act utilitarianism and sanction utilitarianism, it will become clear that sanction utilitarianism is superior and more easily attainable. Focusing on act utilitarianism, this direct form works in maxims, expanding the contrast between right and wrong. â€Å"An act is right and just in its consequences for human happiness are at least good as any alternative available to the agent† (9). Thus, it is your duty to do the optimal act in a situation because anything other than the best act is a wrong act. Furthermore, Mills also comments that it is considered a â€Å"righteous† act if the consequences are just as good or better than any other action. Staying within the ideas of right or wrong, or when decisions seem to commonly be referred to as â€Å"black or white,† there is also an ideal of proportions to consider. Remember that the act is right is if brings happiness to the most people, but one is incapable of pleasing every person in every situation. Thus, Mills refers to the â€Å"Proportionality Doctrine† to tell what makes an act right or wrong. The Proportionality Doctrine states that acts are right if they promote happiness, or acts are wrong if they promote sadness. In act utilitarianism, each person is held to a duty to always make the best choices and perform the best actions. What that does though is â€Å"imply that I do wrong every time I fail to do the very best action, even when the suboptimal act that I perform is a very good deed. That may seem harsh and overly demanding† (11). Act utilitarianism is very demanding, having to always do the best thing all the time. What direct, or act utilitarianism implies is that if you fail to do the most optimal act then what you did was wrong, which is not always the case. In contrast to act utilitarianism, sanction utilitarianism allows gray space in between the black and white ultimatums. Mill’s writes: â€Å"because it makes the rightness and wrongness of conduct depend upon the utility of sanctioning that conduct in some way, we might call it sanction utilitarianism† (11). Here, Mill’s almost accepts that there are situations that will never be distinguished as exactly right and exactly wrong. Yet, Mill’s also struggles to let got of act utilitarianism since there usually are only two options. Thus, indirectly, an act is right if and only if its optimal to apply sanctions to its omission, whereas applying sanctions is right if and only if it is optimal is a direct action. â€Å"The only difference is that whereas sanction utilitarianism ties rightness and wrongness to praise and blame, act utilitarianism does not† (12). There are four kind acts that fall under sanction utilitarianism: 1. Wrong of forbidden acts are those whose performance it is optimal to blame 2. Permissible acts are those whose performance it is not optimal to blame 3. Obligatory acts are those whose omission it is optimal to blame 4. Supererogatory acts are permissible acts that are especially expedient (11) Here, these four actions seem to take on new meanings: while of course forbidden acts are optimal to blame negative reactions on (they are forbidden for a reason), it is now possible to see that the blame has a purpose behind it since the act caused proportionally the most damage. Unlike act utilitarianism, sanction utilitarianism is clear about which acts are sanctioned and which ones are not. In comparison, both forms of utilitarianism tend to seek the best possible outcome for he highest number of people, yet they have varying degrees of severity. People feel that when it comes to act utilitarianism, if you are not doing the best action each end every second, then whatever else you do is considered wrong. Living with the constant fear that your every action is scrutinized leaves those who practice act utilitarianism demoralized and deflated. It is also exhausting to have to be doing the best thing all the time and society does not naturally possess the ability to be a â€Å"hero† every waking moment. It would seem that sanction utilitarianism is more probable because it promotes a more feel good way of life. Your actions are all driven by a desire to do the right thing, but if you fail from time to time, as long as the intention was there, you are doing all right. â€Å"In arguing sanction utilitarianism, Mill’s claims that it allows him to distinguish duty and expediency and claim that not all inexpedient acts are wrong; inexpedient acts are only wrong when it is good or optimal to sanction them† (11). This means that sanction utilitarianism is more preferable and attainable than act utilitarianism when it comes to acts of duty. Therefore, a person would see this flexibility in sanction utilitarianism as a way to be seeking the righteous actions while being less demanding than act utilitarianism. Sanction utilitarianism is a superior alternative to act utilitarianism because it is flexible, forgiving and attainable. Humans are one of the most imperfect species on the planet and with highly evolved social politics; it is completely impossible to please everyone at the same time. Take into consideration the very foundation of democracy, selecting the best candidate for the job based on a populous vote. If everyone were voting under the basis of selecting the best person for the most number of people, then they would all vote for the same person. There has never been an election where a single candidate won every vote, and thus it proves that humans are incapable of behaving under complete act utilitarianism. On the other hand, it is good to hold yourself to the highest standards and expect the most out of yourself and think that you should always be doing the best thing. The flexibility of sanction utilitarianism is that individual morals and ethics come into play for each person, allowing them to wander between right and wrong finding the best outcome that may be a blend of the two. Take for instance the selection of which college to go to: your personality, likes, dislikes and more come into consideration and while the student wants to find a reputable school, they also have to find a place to call home for four years. If the student chooses the wrong location, it makes their lives miserable, their roommate’s life unbearable, and the family’s life saddened. Thus, the student had to balance every option and maybe give in on reputation for the best social fit, whereas under act utilitarianism, they would have picked a school solely on reputation alone since theoretically, that would lead them to the best possible outcome. Also, under sanction utilitarianism, if a choice is made and it turns out to be wrong, a new choice can be made to counteract the first giving sanction utilitarianism a sense of forgiveness. Combining these two ideals, flexibility and forgiveness, sanction utilitarianism reins superior over act utilitarianism because it is attainable. While both forms of utilitarianism are seeking to find the best possible outcome for the largest number of people, through examining the differences of act utilitarianism and sanction utilitarianism, it became clear that sanction utilitarianism is superior through its attainable qualities. In act utilitarianism the path for right over wrong is very demanding, requiring someone to always do the best thing all of the time. Ultimately, what direct utilitarianism implies is that you fail when what you did was wrong, which may not always be the case. Unlike act utilitarianism, sanction utilitarianism is clear about which acts are sanctioned and which ones are not, which allows someone to strive for their best but not harm them if they fail. Sanction utilitarianism is more preferable and attainable than act utilitarianism when it comes to acts of duty because a person would see the flexibility in sanction utilitarianism as a way to be seeking the righteous actions while being less demanding than act utilitarianism. While humanity is incapable of following act utilitarianism, the forgiveness built into sanction utilitarianism is preferred, since if the choice made turns out to be wrong, a new choice can be made to counteract the first. Combining these two ideals, flexibility and forgiveness, sanction utilitarianism becomes attainable for humanity and it rises in superiority over act utilitarianism.

The Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald - 1155 Words

The Great Gatsby is dwelled upon by many literary icons for its perplexing irony and the realistic qualities of its characters. The simple theme of the â€Å"American Dream† has become more complex through the spiraling downfall of Gatsby himself. Nick Caraway, who is Gatsby’s neighbor in the novel, is most likely the most important piece to the puzzle. Nick is the insight of reality when there was nothing except for dreams surrounding him. Nick is the one who tries to draw Gatsby back into the real world and help him realize that the past is in the past and can never be recreated. Although Gatsby is aware of this, he persists to make his past happen once again and that is when he hits his worst point. Nick had sympathy for Gatsby and his inescapable drive towards buying back the past, even though Gatsby â€Å"represented everything for which [Nick] had an unaffected scorn†. Nick made an exception toward Gatsby, he was not in the least disgusted by his behavior but instead he was sorry for him. He narrates in the beginning of the novel that his father had taught him to realize that ‘†Whenever you feel like criticizing anyone, just remember that all the people in this world haven‘t had the advantages that you‘ve had.†(1) The constant hamster wheel of trying to relive the past was seen as a disease or something completely worthless to Caraway. As a friend and neighbor Nick felt obligated to shed light on Gatsby and help him realize that instead of dwelling on Daisy of the past, toShow MoreRelatedThe Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald1393 Words   |  6 PagesF. Scott Fitzgerald was the model of the American image in the nineteen twenties. He had wealth, fame, a beautiful wife, and an adorable daughter; all seemed perfect. Beneath the gilded faà §ade, however, was an author who struggled with domestic and physical difficulti es that plagued his personal life and career throughout its short span. This author helped to launch the theme that is so prevalent in his work; the human instinct to yearn for more, into the forefront of American literature, where itRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1343 Words   |  6 PagesHonors English 10 Shugart 18 Decemeber 2014 The Great Gatsby F. Scott Fitzgerald s 1925 novel The Great Gatsby is a tragic love story, a mystery, and a social commentary on American life. The Great Gatsby is about the lives of four wealthy characters observed by the narrator, Nick Carroway. Throughout the novel a mysterious man named Jay Gatsby throws immaculate parties every Saturday night in hope to impress his lost lover, Daisy Buchanan. Gatsby lives in a mansion on West Egg across from DaisyRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1155 Words   |  5 PagesThe Great Gatsby The Jazz Age was an era where everything and anything seemed possible. It started with the beginning of a new age with America coming out of World War I as the most powerful nation in the world (Novel reflections on, 2007). As a result, the nation soon faced a culture-shock of material prosperity during the 1920’s. Also known as the â€Å"roaring twenties†, it was a time where life consisted of prodigality and extravagant parties. Writing based on his personal experiences, author F. ScottRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1166 Words   |  5 Pagesin the Haze F. Scott Fitzgerald lived in a time that was characterized by an unbelievable lack of substance. After the tragedy and horrors of WWI, people were focused on anything that they could that would distract from the emptiness that had swallowed them. Tangible greed tied with extreme materialism left many, by the end of this time period, disenchanted. The usage of the literary theories of both Biographical and Historical lenses provide a unique interpretation of the Great Gatsby centered aroundRead MoreThe Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald845 Words   |  3 PagesIn F. Scott Fitzgerald’s novel, The Great Gatsby, colors represent a variety of symbols that relate back to the American Dream. The dream of being pure, innocent and perfect is frequently associated with the reality of corruption, violence, and affairs. Gatsby’s desire for achieving the American Dream is sought for through corruption (Schneider). The American Dream in the 1920s was perceived as a desire of w ealth and social standings. Social class is represented through the East Egg, the WestRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald Essay970 Words   |  4 Pagesrespecting and valuing Fitzgerald work in the twenty-first century? Fitzgerald had a hard time to profiting from his writing, but he was not successful after his first novel. There are three major point of this essay are: the background history of Fitzgerald life, the comparisons between Fitzgerald and the Gatsby from his number one book in America The Great Gatsby, and the Fitzgerald got influences of behind the writing and being a writer. From childhood to adulthood, Fitzgerald faced many good andRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald2099 Words   |  9 Pagesauthor to mirror his life in his book. In his previous novels F. Scott Fitzgerald drew from his life experiences. He said that his next novel, The Great Gatsby, would be different. He said, â€Å"In my new novel I’m thrown directly on purely creative work† (F. Scott Fitzgerald). He did not realize or did not want it to appear that he was taking his own story and intertwining it within his new novel. In The Great Gatsby, by F. Scott Fitzgerald, he imitates his lifestyle through the Buchanan family to demonstrateRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1607 Words   |  7 Pages The Great Gatsby is an American novel written in 1925 by F. Scott Fitzgerald. One of the themes of the book is the American Dream. The American Dream is an idea in which Americans believe through hard work they can achieve success and prosperity in the free world. In F. Scott Fitzgerald s novel, The Great Gatsby, the American Dream leads to popularity, extreme jealousy and false happiness. Jay Gatsby’s recent fortune and wealthiness helped him earn a high social position and become one of the mostRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1592 Words   |  7 PagesMcGowan English 11A, Period 4 9 January 2014 The Great Gatsby Individuals who approach life with an optimistic mindset generally have their goals established as their main priority. Driven by ambition, they are determined to fulfill their desires; without reluctance. These strong-minded individuals refuse to be influenced by negative reinforcements, and rely on hope in order to achieve their dreams. As a man of persistence, the wealthy Jay Gatsby continuously strives to reclaim the love of hisRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1646 Words   |  7 PagesThe 1920s witnessed the death of the American Dream, a message immortalized in F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby. Initially, the American Dream represented the outcome of American ideals, that everyone has the freedom and opportunity to achieve their dreams provided they perform honest hard work. During the 1920s, the United States experienced massive economic prosperity making the American Dream seem alive and strong. However, in Fitzgerald’s eyes, the new Am erican culture build around that The Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald - 1155 Words The Great Gatsby The Jazz Age was an era where everything and anything seemed possible. It started with the beginning of a new age with America coming out of World War I as the most powerful nation in the world (Novel reflections on, 2007). As a result, the nation soon faced a culture-shock of material prosperity during the 1920’s. Also known as the â€Å"roaring twenties†, it was a time where life consisted of prodigality and extravagant parties. Writing based on his personal experiences, author F. Scott Fitzgerald, distinctly conveys through The Great Gatsby the change within America’s society, class differences, and the effect of an absence of religion through the corruption of the â€Å"American Dream† during the Jazz Age. An ocean of immigrants arrived in America to start a new life searching for any available jobs during the seventeenth century. They brought upon a new belief of self-innovation through their hard work and a dedication called the â₠¬Å"American Dream.† This dream represented the idea that a person wanting to become successful would put in hard work striving for advancement and that this potential advantage actually exists. F. Scott Fitzgerald helped seek the undergoing routines among the elite during the Jazz age. It was primarily through the narrator, Nick Carraway, that the author presents the illusion and aura of a man named Jay Gatsby. Jay Gatsby is an example of the corruption of the American Dream during the 1920’s. Gatsby, the main character within the novel,Show MoreRelatedThe Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald1393 Words   |  6 PagesF. Scott Fitzgerald was the model of the American image in the nineteen twenties. He had wealth, fame, a beautiful wife, and an adorable daughter; all seemed perfect. Beneath the gilded faà §ade, however, was an author who struggled with domestic and physical difficulties that plagued his personal life and career throughout its short span. This author help ed to launch the theme that is so prevalent in his work; the human instinct to yearn for more, into the forefront of American literature, where itRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1343 Words   |  6 PagesHonors English 10 Shugart 18 Decemeber 2014 The Great Gatsby F. Scott Fitzgerald s 1925 novel The Great Gatsby is a tragic love story, a mystery, and a social commentary on American life. The Great Gatsby is about the lives of four wealthy characters observed by the narrator, Nick Carroway. Throughout the novel a mysterious man named Jay Gatsby throws immaculate parties every Saturday night in hope to impress his lost lover, Daisy Buchanan. Gatsby lives in a mansion on West Egg across from DaisyRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1166 Words   |  5 Pagesin the Haze F. Scott Fitzgerald lived in a time that was characterized by an unbelievable lack of substance. After the tragedy and horrors of WWI, people were focused on anything that they could that would distract from the emptiness that had swallowed them. Tangible greed tied with extreme materialism left many, by the end of this time period, disenchanted. The usage of the literary theories of both Biographical and Historical lenses provide a unique interpretation of the Great Gatsby centered aroundRead MoreThe Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald845 Words   |  3 PagesIn F. Scott Fitzgerald’s novel, The Great Gatsby, colors represent a variety of symbols that relate back to the American Dream. The dream of being pure, innocent and perfect is frequently associated with the reality of corruption, violence, and affairs. Gatsby’s desire for achieving the American Dream is sought for through corruption (Schneider). The American Dream in the 1920s was perceived as a desire of w ealth and social standings. Social class is represented through the East Egg, the WestRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald Essay970 Words   |  4 Pagesrespecting and valuing Fitzgerald work in the twenty-first century? Fitzgerald had a hard time to profiting from his writing, but he was not successful after his first novel. There are three major point of this essay are: the background history of Fitzgerald life, the comparisons between Fitzgerald and the Gatsby from his number one book in America The Great Gatsby, and the Fitzgerald got influences of behind the writing and being a writer. From childhood to adulthood, Fitzgerald faced many good andRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald2099 Words   |  9 Pagesauthor to mirror his life in his book. In his previous novels F. Scott Fitzgerald drew from his life experiences. He said that his next novel, The Great Gatsby, would be different. He said, â€Å"In my new novel I’m thrown directly on purely creative work† (F. Scott Fitzgerald). He did not realize or did not want it to appear that he was taking his own story and intertwining it within his new novel. In The Great Gatsby, by F. Scott Fitzgerald, he imitates his lifestyle through the Buchanan family to demonstrateRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1607 Words   |  7 Pages The Great Gatsby is an American novel written in 1925 by F. Scott Fitzgerald. One of the themes of the book is the American Dream. The American Dream is an idea in which Americans believe through hard work they can achieve success and prosperity in the free world. In F. Scott Fitzgerald s novel, The Great Gatsby, the American Dream leads to popularity, extreme jealousy and false happiness. Jay Gatsby’s recent fortune and wealthiness helped him earn a high social position and become one of the mostRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1592 Words   |  7 PagesMcGowan English 11A, Period 4 9 January 2014 The Great Gatsby Individuals who approach life with an optimistic mindset generally have their goals established as their main priority. Driven by ambition, they are determined to fulfill their desires; without reluctance. These strong-minded individuals refuse to be influenced by negative reinforcements, and rely on hope in order to achieve their dreams. As a man of persistence, the wealthy Jay Gatsby continuously strives to reclaim the love of hisRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1646 Words   |  7 PagesThe 1920s witnessed the death of the American Dream, a message immortalized in F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby. Initially, the American Dream represented the outcome of American ideals, that everyone has the freedom and opportunity to achieve their dreams provided they perform honest hard work. During the 1920s, the United States experienced massive economic prosperity making the American Dream seem alive and strong. However, in Fitzgerald’s eyes, the new Am erican culture build around thatRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald992 Words   |  4 PagesThe Jazz Age was a period of great economic, social, and political change happening in the 1920’s. The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald, however, sees in this a time of boundaryless death, and urban decimation. The Great Gatsby is modeled towards the death of the American dream during the 1920’s. Based on the happening of the 1920’s, this model is certainly reasonable. F. Scott Fitzgerald and The Great Gatsby use the motifs of materialism, carelessness, and decay seen in the 1920’s in order to